Dengue is a significant global health issue, with about half of the world’s population at risk and an estimated 100–400 million infections occurring each year. The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades. In 2023, ongoing transmission resulted in over five million cases and more than 5000 dengue-related deaths reported in over 80 countries/territories. Alarmingly, due to climate change and human movement, dengue’s impacts are exacerbating in areas beyond the tropical and subtropical climates. Countries in higher latitudes, such as the United States and France, are more susceptible to dengue infections nowadays.

However, the current vaccines for dengue have several limitations. They are restricted to specific age groups, health backgrounds, and living situations only, leaving ineligible individuals unprotected. They also do not provide comprehensive protection against all four dengue virus serotypes, which is crucial for an effective dengue vaccine. Moreover, their reliance on the cold chain remains, which limits their distribution and increases the cost of providing them.